Publisher's Synopsis
A number of insect and mite pests have developed varying levels of resistance to some insecticidal chemistries over the years, including the organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. For resistance management, the most current thought is to rotate pesticides rather than to mix them in each spray for this reason. Insecticide resistance is an increasing problem faced by those who need insecticides to efficiently control medical, veterinary and agricultural insect pests. In many insects, the problem extends to all major groups of insecticides. Since the first case of DDT resistance in 1947, the incidence of resistance has increased annually at an alarming rate. It has been estimated that there are at least 447 pesticide resistant arthropods species in the world today. Insecticide resistance has also been developed by many insects to new insecticides with different mode of action from the main four groups. The development of resistance in the fields is influenced by various factors. These are biological, genetic and operational factors. Biological factors are generation time, number of offspring per generation and migration. Genetic factors are frequency and dominance of the resistance gene, fitness of resistance genotype and number of different resistance alleles. These factors cannot be influenced by man. However, such as treatment, persistence and insecticide chemistry, all of which may and therefore timing and dosage of insecticide application should be operational factors. Insecticides are in common use in agriculture as well as in houseplant populations, gardens, and other living spaces in an attempt to control the invasion of a seemingly endless array of insects. Insecticides are used to keep populations under the control, but over time insects can build up a resistance to the chemicals used. This is called insecticide resistance. Insecticide resistance is apparent when a population stops responding or does not respond as well to applications of insecticides. In recent years, many of the resistance mechanisms have been detected and resistance detection methods have been developed. Approaches of Insecticide Resistance presents on different aspects of insecticide resistance of selected economically important plant insect pests, also includes chapters about the importance, development and insecticide resistance management. It also covers ecologically acceptable approaches for overcoming insecticide resistance, such are the use of mycoinsecticides, and understanding the role of some plant chemical compounds, which are important in interactions between plants, their pests and biological control agents. Today, pests once major threats to human health and agriculture but that were brought under control by pesticides are on the rebound. Mosquitoes that are capable of transmitting malaria are now resistant to virtually all pesticides used against them. This problem is compounded because the organisms that cause malaria have also become resistant to drugs used to treat the disease in humans. Many populations of the corn earworm, which attacks many agricultural crops worldwide including cotton, tomatoes, tobacco and peanuts, are resistant to multiple pesticides. A number of insect and mite pests have developed varying levels of resistance to some insecticidal chemistries over the years, including the organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. For resistance management, the most current thought is to rotate pesticides rather than to mix them in each spray for this reason. Insecticide resistance is an increasing problem faced by those who need insecticides to efficiently control medical, veterinary and agricultural insect pests. In many insects, the problem extends to all major groups of insecticides. Since the first case of DDT resistance in 1947, the incidence of resistance has increased annually at an alarming rate. It has been estimated that there are at least 447 pesticide resistant arthropods species in the world today. Insecticide resistance has also been developed by many insects to new insecticides with different mode of action from the main four groups. The development of resistance in the fields is influenced by various factors. These are biological, genetic and operational factors. Biological factors are generation time, number of offspring per generation and migration. Genetic factors are frequency and dominance of the resistance gene, fitness of resistance genotype and number of different resistance alleles. These factors cannot be influenced by man. However, such as treatment, persistence and insecticide chemistry, all of which may and therefore timing and dosage of insecticide application should be operational factors. Insecticides are in common use in agriculture as well as in houseplant populations, gardens, and other living spaces in an attempt to control the invasion of a seemingly endless array of insects. Insecticides are used to keep populations under the control, but over time insects can build up a resistance to the chemicals used. This is called insecticide resistance. Insecticide resistance is apparent when a population stops responding or does not respond as well to applications of insecticides. In recent years, many of the resistance mechanisms have been detected and resistance detection methods have been developed. Approaches of Insecticide Resistance presents on different aspects of insecticide resistance of selected economically important plant insect pests, also includes chapters about the importance, development and insecticide resistance management. It also covers ecologically acceptable approaches for overcoming insecticide resistance, such are the use of mycoinsecticides, and understanding the role of some plant chemical compounds, which are important in interactions between plants, their pests and biological control agents. Today, pests once major threats to human health and agriculture but that were brought under control by pesticides are on the rebound. Mosquitoes that are capable of transmitting malaria are now resistant to virtually all pesticides used against them. This problem is compounded because the organisms that cause malaria have also become resistant to drugs used to treat the disease in humans. Many populations of the corn earworm, which attacks many agricultural crops worldwide including cotton, tomatoes, tobacco and peanuts, are resistant to multiple pesticides. A number of insect and mite pests have developed varying levels of resistance to some insecticidal chemistries over the years, including the organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. For resistance management, the most current thought is to rotate pesticides rather than to mix them in each spray for this reason. Insecticide resistance is an increasing problem faced by those who need insecticides to efficiently control medical, veterinary and agricultural insect pests. In many insects, the problem extends to all major groups of insecticides. Since the first case of DDT resistance in 1947, the incidence of resistance has increased annually at an alarming rate. It has been estimated that there are at least 447 pesticide resistant arthropods species in the world today. Insecticide resistance has also been developed by many insects to new insecticides with different mode of action from the main four groups. The development of resistance in the fields is influenced by various factors. These are biological, genetic and operational factors. Biological factors are generation time, number of offspring per generation and migration. Genetic factors are frequency and dominance of the resistance gene, fitness of resistance genotype and number of different resistance alleles. These factors cannot be influenced by man. However, such as treatment, persistence and insecticide chemistry, all of which may and therefore timing and dosage of insecticide application should be operational factors. Insecticides are in common use in agriculture as well as in houseplant populations, gardens, and other living spaces in an attempt to control the invasion of a seemingly endless array of insects. Insecticides are used to keep populations under the control, but over time insects can build up a resistance to the chemicals used. This is called insecticide resistance. Insecticide resistance is apparent when a population stops responding or does not respond as well to applications of insecticides. In recent years, many of the resistance mechanisms have been detected and resistance detection methods have been developed. Approaches of Insecticide Resistance presents on different aspects of insecticide resistance of selected economically important plant insect pests, also includes chapters about the importance, development and insecticide resistance management. It also covers ecologically acceptable approaches for overcoming insecticide resistance, such are the use of mycoinsecticides, and understanding the role of some plant chemical compounds, which are important in interactions between plants, their pests and biological control agents. Today, pests once major threats to human health and agriculture but that were brought under control by pesticides are on the rebound. Mosquitoes that are capable of transmitting malaria are now resistant to virtually all pesticides used against them. This problem is compounded because the organisms that cause malaria have also become resistant to drugs used to treat the disease in humans. Many populations of the corn earworm, which attacks many agricultural crops worldwide including cotton, tomatoes, tobacco and peanuts, are resistant to multiple pesticides.